March 2015 eruption from Turrialba http://www.govisitcostarica.com/region/city.asp?cID=427
Costa Rica’s Turrialba is one of a pair of stratovolcanoes overlooking the city of Cartago. It is some 10 km WNW from the neighboring Irazu volcano. There is a broad saddle between the two active volcanoes. Turrialba is 3,340 m high. It is one of Costa Rica’s largest volcanoes, covering some 500 km2.
The current series of eruptions began in Jan 2010 with a series of phreatic eruptions. Since then there have been some eight confirmed eruptions with nothing larger than a VEI 2. The ninth and current series of eruptions began in Feb. 2016 and is ongoing.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CvREFtMKOU
The area around Turrialba is sparsely populated, with a national park surrounding the edifice. There over 670,000 people within 30 km and nearly 3.4 million within 100 km of the dual volcanoes.
The volcano is surrounded by the Turrialba Volcano National Park which is currently closed due to the current activity. Prior to 2010, the volcano was a popular hiking destination. The park is around 3,900 acres of mostly rain forest. Hiking in the rain forest on the flanks of the volcano, visitors encounter lava flows from previous eruptions.
Steam emissions from Turrialba Oct 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-29841990
There is a local myth surrounding the origin of the volcano. A young maiden fell in love with a warrior of a different tribe, something which was forbidden. They were caught by her father embracing in the forest. He called for his archers to kill them. At that point, the forest came alive, opening a cavern to hide the couple. Smoke and steam rose from the spot to mark the love and joining of the two tribes, marking the beginning of Turrialba.
Turrialba is about 35 km to the east and upwind of the capital city of San Jose.
Map of Costa Rica showing major volcanoes and capital city of San Jose https://www.google.com/advanced_search?hl=en
You can find Turrialba webcams at the following links:
http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/index.php/vulcanologia/camaras-volcanes/camara-v-turrialba
https://webcams.volcanodiscovery.com/Turrialba
The Costa Rican volcano observatory can be found here (Espanol):
http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/
You can follow the volcanologist Gino Gonzalez-Ilama (@VOLCANESCR) on Twitter to see updates and current pictures of activity at Turrialba and its impact on the surrounding countryside. This is a feed well worth following for volcanic action in Costa Rica:
https://twitter.com/VOLCANESCR
Crater depression on top of Turrialba http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=345070
Crater depression on top of Turrialba http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=345070
Volcano
The volcano is topped with three craters in the SW end of a summit depression measuring 0.8 x 2 km that is breached to the NE. Most of the current activity comes from the summit crater complex. There are a pair of pyroclastic cones on the SW flank.
The volcano itself is subduction driven with primary eruptive products being andesite – basalt. When the magma sits long enough, it ages to a dacite product.
Side view of Turrialba with Irszu in the background on the right http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=345070
The current series of eruptions have produced a very ashy product closing local airports and creating breathing difficulties for local residents. The prevailing winds blow from the Caribbean into the mainland (E to W). San Jose and other major cities of the Central Valley are generally downwind, with some 2.1 million getting regularly dusted in the current series of eruptions.
Turrialba is a huge volcano, with a volume of over 400 km3, some 112 km3 of it deposited recently.
The two volcanoes reside in the Limon Basin, a volcanic sequence dating back as far as 4.5 Ma. The oldest rocks deposited by both volcanoes date 850 Ka.
Explosion at Turrialba March 2015. Note the new ash supplanting the continuous stream of white steam http://news.co.cr/emergency-officials-keep-watchful-eye-turrialba-volcano/37622/
Basement volcanics of Turrilaba are shared with neighboring Irazu volcano. They date back to 850 Ka. The second stage of growth took place between 600 – 250 Ka. This is concurrent with a well defined pulse of volcanic activity in Costa Rica that began 600 ka. The most recent growth stage takes place after 250 ka. The most recent eruption stage includes at least four episodes of activity – 99 – 90, 61 – 60, 25 and 10 – 3 Ka. Three of these episodes include lavas from both the high and low silica group indicating a zoned magma chamber.
The flow units are typically mafic basaltic andesites and silicic andesites to dacites. There are also pyroclastic units sampled and dated.
Lenticular clouds over Turrialba. These really spun up the UFO guys nicely. Note low level steam emissions from the volcano http://strangesounds.org/2015/11/lenticular-cloud-ufo-turrialba-volcano-costa-rica.html
Over the last 100 Ka, there has been near simultaneous eruption of mafic and silicic magmas. This is not uncommon for stratovolcanoes and the content of silica in the erupted magmas increases over time. A thesis suggests the system is fed by a long-lived magma chamber with an evolving silica top above a mafic base that is fed from the mantle. When this happens, typically the more evolved magma is erupted first followed by the less evolved magmas. So far, comparison of the erupted magmas has not been made.
The silica-rich lavas also point to an explosive eruption style for Turrialba. Tephra layers around the crater rim measure in the 10 – 50 cm range. Those measurements do not hold up in distances away from the crater rim.
July 2016 explosion from Turrialba http://www.ticotimes.net/2016/07/25/costa-ricas-turrialba-volcano-erupts-sends-ash-3-km-high
Eruptions
There are at least 20 eruptions of basaltic to dacitic lavas and tephras recorded on Turrialba’s summit. There was significant erosion that coincides with the last glacial episode on Costa Rica’s central mountains. It is likely that Turrialba was glacier covered during this time and the glaciers removed the upper portion of the peak. The first post-glacial eruption produced massive andesite to dacite lava flows around 9,300 BP.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CvREFtMKOU
There have been six eruptions from Turrialba over the last 3,400 years. The largest of which was a VEI 4 in 1910. That eruption produced pyroclastic flows and surges. Total volume erupted was 0.2 km3 dusting some 5,000 km2. Volumes of the other five eruptions were much smaller and not identifiable in downwind soils, though they are measured around the summit. The only known historical magmatic eruption took place from 1864 – 1866. The current activity appears to be moving toward a magmatic phase.
Ash dusted dog standing in the mud. These sorts of ashy eruptions are hard on local wildlife and inhabitants http://qcostarica.com/turrialba-volcano-recorded-another-important-eruption-monday-night/25/
Given the average precipitation of 174 cm / year, the volcano is well saturated leading to a significant threat of phreatomagmatic eruptions – basically steam explosions when magma flashes water contained in the saturated rock to steam. Given the soft material of the cone and the downwind ash, lahars and flank avalanches / debris landslides are active and significant threats.
The first description of Turrialba was in 1723 which described an eruption of neighboring Irazu and smoke coming out of Turrialba. Since that time, fumarole activity was generally observed.
Annotated photo of Turrialba showing active fumaroles http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=345070
The mid-19th century eruption sequence began as early as 1847 with continuous smoke and fumes. Activity seemed to ramp up in the 1850s with continuous steam columns from the crater vents. Fire coming out of the volcano was described in 1861. By 1864 the steam had changed to ash with ashfall being reported starting in August. There were explosions and trembling also reported. By January 1865, ash was falling as far as 30 km downwind. Explosions were continuous and most violent by January and February 1866.
Satellite photo of Turrialba as current round of eruptions started in 2010 http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=42425
The current eruptive sequence started in 2010 preceded by significant increases in in temperature and output from summit fumaroles. January 2010 saw the first in a series of phreatic eruptions. By 2012, ash was being ejected. Activity continues today with ashy eruptions being common. http://www.ticotimes.net/2016/09/29/turrialba-volcano-costa-rica-2
Schematic of Cocos Plate subduction into Costa Rica. Note the Cocos Ridge subducting under the center of the country https://serc.carleton.edu/details/images/12596.html
Tectonics
Volcanic activity in Costa Rica is driven by subduction of the Cocos Plate under the Caribbean Plate. The offshore Cocos Ridge is also subducting under the Caribbean in the vicinity of Costa Rica. The offshore trench is the Middle America Trench to the west. The crust under Turrialba is some 25 km thick. The subduction has driven both the volcanic activity and significant earthquakes over time. The most recent large one was a 7.6 Richter in Sept. 2012.
Evolution of Cocos Plate subduction under the Caribbean Plate http://americastectonics.weebly.com/cocos-and-rivera-plates.html
Conclusions
Current activity is thought to be traveling the same road as the 1864 – 1866 series of eruptions. It has the potential to get much worse. The above mentioned Twitter feed, Volcano Discovery and the Tico Times appear to be good sources of information on the current eruption sequence. It is not expected to back off any time soon. http://www.ticotimes.net/2016/09/29/turrialba-volcano-costa-rica-2
Additional Information
Click to access Reaganetal2006GSASP412.pdf
http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0256-70242015000100006
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